The Representation of Women and Men in the film Gran Torino Essay Example

The Representation of Women and Men in the film Gran Torino Essay Prior to current desires for sexual orientation correspondence, people have frequently had totally different recognitions set upon them due basically to their sex. Ladies were relied upon to be consistent, sustaining and inactive and cultural desires included marriage and essential obligation regarding kid raising. Men were regularly expected to be solid, unequivocal and bold, with the capacity to deal with and ensure their family. Individuals who didn't adjust to these generalizations were frequently minimized by society.Films regularly speak to ladies and men in manners that challenge the conventional sex jobs held by our general public. One such film, Clint Eastwoods Gran Torino, challenges crowds sees about the autonomy of ladies and the positions of authority and manliness related with men, youthful and old.In the film we are given four primary characters; the more seasoned male Walt Kowalski who is a solid and predominant man; the youthful male Thao Vang Lor, an accommodating, weak man; the more established lady Grandmother Phong, the matriarchal pioneer of the Lor family; and Sue Lor, a free lively young lady with the mental fortitude and will to remain against the forceful group culture around her.Eastwood develops his female characters to typify thoughts of social freedom and initiative, which challenges conventional qualities about ladies in the public eye. Sue Lor and Grandmother Phong, go to bat for themselves against their male partners in the film when they attempt to attest their predominance. This can be found in the scene where Walt faces Grandmother Phong, endeavoring to accentuate his predominance by spitting, customarily a propensity related with resilient men. The desire is for Phong to withdraw from the demonstration of strength, yet rather she spits a considerably bigger sum than Walt; an immediate sign to the crowd of Phongs feeling of equality.Grandmother Phong is the leader of the Lor family and what could be compared to Walt, as Walt is the leader of his family. She is regularly depicted sitting in an armchair on the Lors veranda, viewing the area, and biting bug squeeze, a substance bit by men in Myanmar to show strength and initiative. These exercises are like the exercises that Walt is uncovered to do, for example, drinking brew on the yard and biting meat jerky, and the similitudes appeared between the two characters guides the crowd to compare Phong with Walts character, however with the manliness he shows, and to consider female to be as normal and right.We can see that Eastwood intends to depict the females of Gran Torino as canny, speedy reasoning young ladies who have the fortitude to face men when Sue is defied with Spiders pack for the first time.Spider: This is my little cousin, Sue.Smokie: Hey, Sue how old are you, girl?Sue: Mentally, Im unreasonably old for you. Im going inside.Spider: Thats right, head inside while the men talk.Sue: Yeah, that is actually what Im doing, Fong.Her smart, snide remar ks, in any event, when Spider proposes she ought to tune in to men and leave, which would re-attest the conventional portrayal of lady as agreeable, delineates how Sue is insightful and free; she doesnt follow the sets of her family and particularly not the sets of more established men in her family unit. This female freedom demonstrated conflicts with customary portrayal of ladies as powerless and compliant characters that ought to consistently follow the sets of men.Female strength is likewise observed when Sue is in the city and is encircled and undermined by three men. Rather than submitting, Sue battles verbally back at the three assailants, offending their manliness and inciting their anger.Tall pack part: This Oriental yummy for me? Dont stress; Ill take great consideration of her.Sue: Great, another butt nugget with an interest for Asian young ladies. God, it gets so old.Tall posse part: Whats your name, girl?Sue: My name? Its take your rough, excessively evident hit on each lady who strolls past and pack it. That is my name.From these scenes we are indicated a lady who trusts it is her entitlement to have the option to stroll down the road without being attacked. This depiction of ladies as contenders who can hold themselves against men and are viewed as equivalent is predominant in the film, and the possibility of resilient ladies challenges a customary cultural view that lady ought to be accommodating to men and that men are the more grounded sex who ought to be the protectors.However, Gran Torino likewise presents ladies as helpless and unfit to secure those that they love when we are given Sues experience with the African American pack, and afterward the rape of Sue by the Hmong group. In the two situations, Sue is singled out, as a result of her mentality towards damaging men or her associations with Thao, and is ambushed, verbally and truly, by the gangs.The attack of such a tough lady as Sue, by a pack of guys, shows to the crowd the possibilit y that lady are truly defenseless and should be secured, as they can't do it without anyone else's help. The attack of Sue expects to show the crowd that regardless of how sincerely solid a lady is, men can generally utilize physical solidarity to command, thusly recognizing the idea that ladies are feeble and needing assurance. The possibility of powerless ladies fortifies a conventional societys desires for ladies needing assurance. The depiction of Sues loss of solidarity and force is remembered for the film as the impetus for her sibling Thao to change from a feeble male character to a more grounded one who can be viewed as helpful to society.Men, for example, Walt Kowalski, are spoken to in the film as forceful, critical, rough, mighty characters who command; they are the solid heads who are expected to ensure the general public they live in. They are introduced as fundamental to society as the ladies and those with ladies like characteristics and excessively feeble and can't s ecure themselves. This is seen when Sue is being ambushed by both the African American and Hmong pack individuals. Walt, who holds racial partiality towards Sue and her family, drives by and salvages Sue from the obnoxious attack from the African American pack, saving her from a risky circumstance that she was unable to have gotten away from herself.Walt likewise cautions the group about the results of intersection a man, for example, himself;Ever notice how you run over someone sometimes you shouldnt have meddled with? That is me.Walt is additionally appeared as a saint after the rape of Sue and the drive by shooting on the Lors house; he vanquished the Hmong group by yielding himself and is murdered so Sue and Thao are shielded from the Hmong posse later on. The demonstration of yielding himself to spare others welcomes the crowds to see Walts character as bold, faithful and furiously defensive of Sue and Thao, and these trademark think about back the portrayal of men.The undermin ing notice and the generosity, just as numerous other of Walts activities, sets him up as the alpha male of the neighbor hood; the pioneer and the defender. The affirmation of Walt as a pioneer and a watchman fortifies conventional cultural perspectives on guys as prevailing people and welcomes crowds to identify with Walt as his characterisation underpins societys desires for men.The scene after the birth custom of the family, when Grandmother Phong is talking about how her little girl ought to remarry, addresses the possibility of men who don't have strength.Phong: Theres no man in this house, that is the reason my little girl ought to remarry. Being a subsequent spouse is better than having a lady be the leader of the household.Man: What about Thao?Phong: What about him?Man: Hes the man in the house.Phong: Thaos not a man. Take a gander at him in the kitchen, washing dishes like a lady. Indeed, even his sister provides him requests and he obeys.Phongs portrayal of Thao doing task s like a lady is implied as an affront to Thao, representing that it is powerless and latent to be a thoughtful male character; this characterisation conflicts with societys conventional perspectives on solid male characters. In any case, it likewise gives us that despite the fact that Grandmother Phong has accepted the position of authority in her family and her granddaughter Sue is following her lead, she despite everything trusts it is valuable to have a man as the leader of her family unit; one more characteristically male than her grandson who rehearses dutifulness and accommodation to the ladies in his family. This re-confirms the possibility that a solid male pioneer is required for families to be fruitful, and it likewise reaffirms cultural perspectives on males.We can see that male characters in the film are spoken to as both solid, masculine pioneers of society, for example, Walt, and feeble, accommodating people, for example, Thao, and consequently both fortify and challe nge conventional desires for men by society.While we see the two more established characters of Walt and Grandmother Phong eventually keeping up their customary sexual orientation jobs, we see a mindful and benevolent side to Walts nature, and an apathetic side to grandma Phong. We additionally observe the two more youthful characters of Thao and Sue show sexual orientation jobs that incorporates both normally male and female characteristics.The film Gran Torino at last gives us four characters that, through an appalling arrangement of occasions, show a scope of sex personalities that challenge and fortify the customary perspectives on society.

Nursing-Health Education Project on Teenage Smoking prevention Essay

Nursing-Health Education Project on Teenage Smoking counteraction - Essay Example red into accepting that smoking offers benefits not found in some other buyer item that they think that its simple to get snared to cigarettes and tobacco, yet experience issues in relinquishing the propensity. Individuals are very much aware that smoking tobacco effectsly affects one’s wellbeing. In any case, the ceaseless ‘patriotism’ for smoking this item is because of some straightforward, yet obscure realities. For example, not every person thinks about how unfriendly cigarette smoking impacts could be hazardous. With its impact on wellbeing, an expected 438,000 passings is recorder every year because of cigarette smoking (Center for Disease Control, 2006). In light of a National Research Council Survey, youths who had stopped smoking were more averse to create sorrow, which shows that smoking has an impact on a person’s enthusiastic state. In any case, an all the more striking outcome was discovered later through Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey, despite everything part of the National Research Council, which shows that energetic smokers were twice as liable to create burdensome side effects as never smokers (Long, 2005). The picked supporters of the wellbeing advancement or health venture are a heterogeneous gathering of ninth graders. They will be under appraisal, and is a gathering made for the most part out of sound-related students who learn much better when data is given through the verbally expressed word. They like to tune in than record highlights and picture things out in their psyches. These kids additionally appreciate making statements in their own words and disclosing these things to other people, vocally. It is consequently, simply proper to have a speaker who can talk viably and impart well through discourse. There are more possibilities for the kids to understand what they have been educated, in the event that it is introduced orally or verbally. The ninth graders are, besides, demonstrated to be adult and prepared enough to learn, as showed by specific factors and relating appraisals and evaluations. The kids are all in the correct age to take part in

Hiding Behind A Computer (1345 words) Essay Example For Students

Holing up Behind A Computer (1345 words) Essay Holing up behind a ComputerAre PCs and the Internet reclassifying human way of life as individuals investigate the limits of their characters, embrace different selves, and structure online connections that can be more exceptional than genuine ones? Is the World Wide Web rethinking our feeling of network and where we discover our friends? The appropriate response is basic. An individual ought not utilize a bogus personality to create a real existence on the Internet. They ought to likewise abstain from utilizing an online life to impact their character, in actuality. Sex trading is one way which the Internet can change ones personality. There have been numerous situations where somebody has signed onto the Internet, and they have introduced their way of life as the other gender from what they truly are. Its absolutely impossible of recognizing what sex somebody is the point at which the person in question is signed in. The net is comprised of a huge number of isolated networks, each with its own extraordinary character. It is hard to dispense with a specific sex from a particular network when individuals have the ability to mask themselves. Correspondence in the internet lets individuals investigate their characters by making new on-line personae. This is by all accounts the principle worry for visit Internet clients. A huge perception is the measure of men that will sign on as ladies. Jodi Obrien put it best when she states, Many men state that a typical inspiration for signing on as a female is on the grounds that they are entranced by the irre gular measure of consideration they get from other men when they are seen as ladies (http://www.echonyc.com/~women/Issue17/craftsmanship obrien.html). The one significant worry that strikes a chord is digital assault. It is clear what sort of impact this has on individuals when Amy Bruckman, a doctoral understudy in the MIT Media Laboratory, states, Unwanted consideration and lewd gestures make an awkward climate for ladies in MUDs, similarly as they do, in actuality (Bruckman, 101). A MUD is characterized as a multi-client cell or a multi-client Domain. It is a book based multi-client computer generated reality condition. This is one of numerous virtual networks which clients can enter. At the point when an individual first logs onto a MUD, the person in question makes a characters name and sex, and composes a depiction of what the character resembles. It is workable for a character to be male or female, paying little heed to the sex of the player (100). For example, a few players have seen that MUDs grievances of provocation are routinely excused with the rationale this is a dream space so anything goes. This showcases that it is so natural to perform digital assault on a person. An intriguing point is made by Jodi OBrien in her article when she says, Although the pervasiveness of sex exchanging on the web isn't promptly understandable, the case sexual orientation policing is impressive. The strategy understanding is by all accounts that intersection is satisfactory all things considered, this is a space wherein one should try however the thought processes in intersection must not include a purpose to beguile. Ladies who cross as men so as to maintain a strategic distance from badgering or excusal are simply being sensible (http://www.echonyc.com/~women/Issue17/craftsmanship obrien.html). In another contention, one could state an individual incites the reason for inappropriate behavior on the Internet. Our sentimental vitality is conveyed by standard electronic driving forces across wires we will never observe. With dream aside, exactly how flexible is the organization of sexual orientation? How likely is i t that the internet will be a webpage for confounding the standard sexual orientation polarity? How likely is it that we can communicate without separating qualities to give a manual for whom to be and acceptable behavior? What is reality where ones feelings, tentative arrangements, and plans for communication are concerned? A significant part of the present publicity about the internet infers that the body is a hindrance to encountering a more extensive scope of connections. .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 , .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 .postImageUrl , .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 , .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3:hover , .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3:visited , .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3:active { border:0!important; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3:active , .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3:hover { darkness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } . u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9 ec7c811bfdc6d3 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u94d2fc8a81eafaadc9ec7c811bfdc6d3:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Physician-helped Suicide Essay ThesisGender is one of the primary methods by which people acquaint and speak to themselves with others in electronic interchanges. For example, one of the most much of the time posed inquiries on announcement load up frameworks is would you say you are male or female? People who dodge this inquiry are not viewed as imaginative protesters; they are thought to conceal something. On the off chance that somebody continues keeping up an impartial position, others online will ask of each other about what the people sex truly is and why he/she is hesitant to uncover it. The inability to uncover sex is seen wi th doubt. These inquiries underscore as opposed to eradicate the essentialness of sexual orientation. Furthermore, on practically any framework, the Systems Operator requires a genuine name, address, and telephone number. For some, visit lines, where apparently people expect to voyage for companions and conceivable sentiment, clients are required to indicate sex and sexual direction. These assignments, which show up as personal data accessible to different clients, can not be changed without experiencing the Systems Operator. There are likewise reports that for certain spaces the Systems Operator endeavors to confirm parts of client personality, especially sexual orientation, by making unannounced calls to the people home as well as checking Mastercard data. I need more data to confirm the veracity of these cases, yet it seems sensible to infer that sexual orientation, regular double sex, is being moved into online connections as a critical, maybe the huge, component of character. There isn't a ton of help on the presence of discussion of the truth being utilized on the Internet. Amy Bruckman utilizes this announcement for help, However, in certain networks, for example, those dependent on the Dragonriders of Pern, arrangement of books by Anne McCaffrey, discussing genuine is no-no (101). The Internet is manhandled a considerable amount. Individuals will utilize the net to meet colleagues, companions, and even noteworthy others. With the different types of sexuality on the planet, it clarifies the different visit rooms and virtual urban areas that can be found on the net. It is unexplained why one doesnt get their actual character if what they are truly inspired by could be profited by reality. In an article by Paul Judge, a humanist notices, She accepts PCs give individuals the way to investigate the limits of self by moving starting with one persona then onto the next, in any event, when they hop from composing an update in one window to joining an online vi sit in another: Different jobs are required for each undertaking (Judge, 99). She likewise states individuals interface through personae they have made, and they explore through virtual urban communities. I assume there are different motivations to help the value of the Internet. The specific capacities dont consistently identify with mental issue. Individuals do utilize it in a sensible style, yet they should attempt to stay away from the stowing away of their character. The character emergency could reach and end with appropriate recognizable proof of oneself on the Internet. Namelessness approach, confirmations necessities, and publicizing methodology all add to a virtual communitys character. Without such strategies for recognizing one online joint from another, all would will in general sink the lowest shared factor of talk what might be compared to each café in a town declining into a jump (http://www.techreview.com/articles/jan96/Bruckman.html). There should be better strategies with helping individuals from networks create shared assumptions regarding the idea of the network, and to convey those desires to potential new individuals. For some Internet clients, the attractive quality of deleting sexual orientation as a structure for arranging communication depends on the reason that sex is a h

Changes In Pauls Character All Quiet On The Western Front Essay Example For Students

Changes In Pauls Character All Quiet On The Western Front Essay All Quiet on the Western Front was written in a first individual style. The story was told by Paul Bamer, a multi year old understudy, persuaded to enroll with the German armed force by his schoolmaster, Kantorek. Alongside a considerable lot of his companions from school, he is prepared under Corporal Himmelstoss, a carefully trained officer who loathes Paul as a result of his defiance.When sent to the front, Paul, alongside his different companions, made new fellowships that would last all through time . His recently made companion/officer, was a man named Stanislaus Katczinsky . As a man of forty years old he was an astute elderly person just as a companion to the youthful eighteen and multi year old enlisted people . Subsequent to visiting the front for extended lengths Paul is given fourteen days of leave where he can visit his evil mother at his own home . After this leave he is sent back to preparing and afterward back to the front . His excursion is extended when he finds tha t his unit has been reassigned to another region . Discovering his unit, he reunites with his companions and gets together with them again in the war endeavors. While looking in no keeps an eye ashore, Paul is restricted to a shell gap for a difficult night . During this night a French fighter falls in the gap and Paul cuts him . The hours to come are exceptionally hard for Paul as he solaces and trusts that the Frenchman will bite the dust. Pauls bunch has a fortunate turn of events when they were appointed to guard a town . Since no occupants were left they had the option to experience the houses to take and utilize anything they desired . This karma, in any case, didn't keep going forever. One day the French came and started shelling the town . While emptying Paul and his companion Albert Kropp were harmed by gunfire wounds . They were swathed up and sent on a train back home . This ride home took a turn . When Kropp got a fever he was booked to be dropped off at the following stop . With the goal for Paul to remain with his companion, he needed to persuade the attendant that he likewise was wiped out from contamination . In the wake of being dropped off they were taken to a Catholic medical clinic to be dealt with . Following half a month Kropps leg is overwhelmed with contamination and is cut away at the thigh . Following a couple of more weeks Paul and Kropp separated, Paul returning to the war and Kropp returning home. Coming back to the front was hard for Paul . The days were getting cold and individually he watched his companions pass on . The hardest misfortune was that of Kat . After Kat had been shot, Paul needed to convey Kat to the closest dressing station a couple of miles away . Halting at regular intervals to rest, Paul habitually checked to ensure that Kat, even with his physical issue, was alright . When finally Paul arrived at the dressing station the medical attendant disclosed to him that Kat was dead . At the point when Paul checked again a little shell section had recently infiltrated that back of Kats head . He was still even warm. Kat was the remainder of Pauls companions to bite the dust in the war . At that point, in October of 1918, Paul at last fell . The book depicts his demise as, his face had an appearance of quiet, as if practically happy the end had come. The war finished the following month. Words/Pages : 596/24

How Arsenic in Cigarette Smoke Hurts Your Health

How Arsenic in Cigarette Smoke Hurts Your Health Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes Print How Arsenic in Cigarette Smoke Hurts Your Health By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on January 04, 2020 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD on January 04, 2020 Yulia Reznikov / Moment / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Arsenic is a naturally occurring, poisonous element found in the soil. Arsenic may be found alone as a metal, or more commonly as a metal-like compound. Organic arsenic is less toxic than inorganic arsenic, and accounts for most of the arsenic humans are exposed to, primarily through food and water. Inorganic arsenic is a byproduct of smelting metals and was used in the past in chemicals that pressure-treated wood for outdoor use, though this has been phased out in recent years. Organic Arsenic Organic arsenic is formed when arsenic combines with carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic Arsenic Inorganic arsenic occurs when arsenic combines with elements such as oxygen, chlorine, and sulfur. Can Arsenic Cause Cancer? The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified arsenic as being carcinogenic  (Group 1 classification) to humans. Inorganic arsenic has been linked to several cancers, including: Lung cancerSkin cancerBladder cancerLiver cancerKidney cancer Inorganic arsenic is also known to cause skin lesions, including hyperpigmentation. Common Sources of Arsenic Exposure Cigarette smoke:  Arsenic-containing pesticides used in tobacco farming remain in tobacco through processing into cigarettes and are present in small quantities in cigarette smoke.Food: The average American adult takes in 50 milligrams of arsenic each day, with 80 percent of it coming from meat, fish, and poultry. Some wines also contain noticeable levels of arsenic due to pesticides used in farming.Drinking water: Arsenic seeps into well water primarily via bedrock. Groundwater is sometimes contaminated by runoff from soil containing arsenic. Arsenic in Cigarette Smoke Inorganic arsenic is present in mainstream tobacco smoke and presumably in sidestream smoke as well. Depending on average particle size, inorganic arsenic has an estimated atmospheric lifetime of nine days. Indoor concentrations of inorganic arsenic can be much higher than outdoors and is a constituent of thirdhand smoke. According to a report from the California Air Resources Board and the Department of Health Services, smokers breathe in approximately 0.8 to 2.4 micrograms of inorganic arsenic per pack of 20 cigarettes, with approximately 40 percent of it being deposited in the respiratory tract.   Of that amount, 75-80 percent is absorbed by alveoli in the lungs, making the overall absorption of inhaled arsenic in cigarette smoke approximately 30 to 35 percent. Arsenic, along with a host of other toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke exposes smokers (and non-smokers) who breathe in secondhand smoke produced by a burning cigarette to cancer-causing agents and poisons. To date, researchers have identified more than  7,000 chemicals including 250 poisonous and 70 carcinogenic compounds in cigarette smoke. Harmful Chemicals Abound in Cigarettes and Cigarette Smoke If youre a smoker who wants to quit, education about what to expect when you stop smoking along with a support group of like-minded people will help you put smoking  permanently in the past.

Reasons Of Failure Of Lehman Brothers Mortgage Company Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

The proposals broad-area-of-study is financial performance within Management accounting and strategy. The notion will examine the association/relationship among the works of intellectual-capital (structural-capital and human-capital) and financial and non-financial performance in financial service industry (intermediary) in developed-country within foreign branch/foreign establishment in international/multinational companies. The motivation behind this research is recognizing core elements/ variables to control/restrict/limit (for future organization) thus are most responsible to transfer crunch/ bankruptcy cause leapt of great depression/ recession to sustain and retain the advent of globalization. The roots of research are global financial crisis 2007 and 2008, has passed through various stages exposed pervasive weaknesses in global financial system and regulatory frame work in financial service industry which created negative impact/image of globalization and int ernational /multinational financial companies among public and within firms/country boundary. The specific/narrow focus of research is to choose one (single business such as mortgage loan or treasury)  []  of bankrupt international /multinational financial firm (such as Lehman Brothers, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and many more*) to analyze. Additionally the studys contribution to extract literature to resist, control and limit expansion/ further financial disaster for developed and developing countries in term of maintaining respected economy of country. Research questions and aim of study The aim of study is to explore and examine of intellectual capital and performance quality/measurement such as financial and non-financial in bankrupt financial service company (i.e Lehman) though they seek out a reliable relationship in business performance, that tend to expose the pervasive weakness in this financial system and regulatory frame work. Additionally find how to rescue strong foreign branches from catastrophe to limit financial crisis with countrys boundary to prolong and save the allure/benefits of globalization for to maintain confidence of future potential investor and financial corporations. The research questions that the study would explore are; Was the Lehman strategy effective to carry business? If so, what was the blunder/ritual they made/feel by intellectual capital to gain more profit? Was a Lehman Brothers evaluating its intellectual capital? If so, how can they do it? Was there flaw to continue? If not, can a model for evaluating intellectual capital be developed? Was there an optimal mix of intellectual capital components? Were they evaluating their financial performance? If so, how? What factors contribute to performance? Is there relationship between the components of intellectual capital and financial performance in Lehmen Brothers? How might the current methods of measuring intellectual capital and business p erformance be improved? Does culture impact on measuring intellectual capital and management? Can we limit the financial crisis within countrys boundary to rescue foreign branch/establishment? If so, what are variable to restrict to limit crisis? Background and motivation Some of the formal/Official economic data presented that extensive number of nations bearing recession as of early 2009. First of all US had suffered recession at the end of 2007, and 2008 and many other nations swallow the effect  [1]  . United States recession: In the United States recession notably throw by housing market correction (a potential effect of United States housing bubble) and subprime mortgage crisis. According to 2008/2009 recession is considering personal spending fall for the first time in last 20 years. It specifies the intensity and harshness of the current recession as shown lower consumer confidence and recovery acquire in long period of time. U.S. population has been tough knock by the current recession because of two reasons 01. Value of houses was falling and 02. Personal pension-savings devastate on the financial market. The individuals were helpless gazed at their wealth being furrowed along with scare of losing jobs as marked by rise in unemployment rate  [2]  . In the U.S. February 2008, 63,000 jobs discarded  [3]  in five years. On April 6, 2008 Alan Greenspan, Ex-chairman of Federal Reserve indicated 50% probability of US suffer recession  [4]  . Furthermore The Bureau of Economic Analysis also accounted more 156,000 jobs had been vanished in September. On April 29, 2008, Moodys acclaimed that nine US states are in recession. In November 2008 company eradicate 533,000 jobs, the largest single month hammering in 34 years  [5]  . As to accumulate the loss for 2008, a projected 2.6 million U.S. jobs were abolished  [6]  . In March 2009 the unemployment rate of US rise to 8.5 percent, and 5.1 million people become job less since the recession commenced in December 2007  [7]  . Some analysts acknowledged that due to a prolonged credit crisis and wild inflation in supplies such as oil, food and steel, the United States was however in a recession  [8]  . Also showed 6.4% cry off decline in spending all through Q3  [1]  on non-durable commodities, i.e. garments and foodstuff, this is biggest hit since 1950  [9]  . The United Stated had been suffering from a recession (once economy boomed), depend on a number of economic indicators such as job sufferers, sharp turn down in personal income, and drop in real GDP  [10]  . With the formal acclamation of The National Bureau of Economic Research and Most of economists assumed that the recession have ended  [11]  . But they had not made this official determination until July 2003 that the NBER publicize its official determination. Effect over world: The United States financial crisis has resounded around the globe. The crisis not only weakened the US national economy but also spoiling around the world  [12]  i.e fall of stock price can been observed globally  [13]  . The various media highlighted effects over other countries economy i.e New Delhi news pointed towards the effect over India, China, and Russia  [14]  . The newsweek.com making US  [15]  responsible for China, Mexico, France, Britain, South Korea, Germany, Beijing and Japan. In Australia, share holders and superannuation funds have suffered significant losses. Many ordinary Australians will be forced to bear the brunt of the US crisis via diminished retirement income and being forced to work beyond their planned retirement age  [16]  . An other Literature referring ten countries suffering by United States financial crisis: including  [17]  China, Brazil; Latin American, Romania, Thailand, North Korea, Iran, Malaysia, Morocco and The United Arab Emirates for various reasons but all they one thing common is connectivity of Business and business market. Fall of Lehman Brothers The fall down of the Lehman Brothers is one of the most unpredictable and adverse consequences of the global financial crisis. When on 15 September 2008, the company submitted for relief under Bankruptcy Code (Chapter 11). The journey of 158 years comes to end, started from Two cotton brokers in Montgomery, Ala established the bank in 1850, then steadily developed and after civil war Lehman banks headquarters shifted to New York City with a new name Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. and gripe over the globe facilitating regional headquarters mainly in Tokyo and London. In the life of 158 years, the Lehman Holdings Inc. provided quality services in financial market in different sectors investment, private banking, equity, research, fixed-income sales, management and private equity. It was the fourth largest US investment bank with a record of over 158 years and a perennial credit rating of A or above . Every body shocked when they heard such news a bank of these standings collapsed overnight, taking with it the loss of the market liquidity. On September 15, 2008 Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc. including Lehman Holdings and its subsidiaries commence Chapter 11 bankruptcy at US Court of Southern District New York with the loss of roughly $768 billion and assets worth around $639 billion, become biggest bankruptcy in US history  [18]  . The unexpected fall down of the Lehman Brothers has originated not only suffering among local and global investors, but also created extensive anxiety in the general public particularly regarding confidence over financial investments and its aggravates the public how to anticipated length of life regarding future investments. Condition of foreign subsidiary/branches/establishment Sixteen Distributing Banks of Lehman Brothers Minibonds announce that they are offering investors a scheme for the repurchase of Minibonds  [19]  . Th e bankruptcy of Lehman wounded its foreign subsidiaries such as UKs subsidiary with the PricewaterhouseCoopers, Lehman Brothers International (Europe), Lehman Holdings principal European broker-dealer. Moreover, two Japanese subsidiaries of Lehman Holdings submitted bankruptcy in District Court of Tokyo for  ¥4 trillion ($38 billion) in mutual liabilities, this is considered as the countrys second-largest crumple since World War II  [20]  . For that reason the Tokyo Stock Exchange and Japans Financial Services Agency have ordered Lehman to postpone its Japanese operations and the firm will only be allowed to deal to accomplish existing contracts and to convalesce client assets. Further, Lehman has ended to trade on the Hong Kong Securities Exchange and the Hong Kong Futures Exchange until further notice. It is also created a tragedy in UK Lehman employees about 5000 were jobless. Such conditions created throbbing and impious ambiance for public in terms of creating anxiety, unemployment, inflation that can cause obstacle in way of life. Methodology The literature can be identified a variety of research methodologies that are used (interview, questionnaire, survey of annual reports, focus groups) to evaluate intellectual capital. Interviews and questionnaires were often used to supplement each other. Given this background I projected to use a triangulated approach drawing on qualitative and quantitative research methods. The ultimate objective could be a qualitative score or index that can be manipulated, however the process of building the index would require that components of intellectual capital be measured and valued and this is often a highly subjective exercise requiring input from several diverse perspectives. The steps that would be taken would include a series of qualitative interviews to identify the components of intellectual capital that are applicable to financial firm. Using the information provided from the int erviews together with indicators develop a set of constructs that would be incorporated into a questionnaire using a point scale. This questionnaire that would be used to evaluate intellectual capital would consist of statements that intend to operationally and reflect the constructs mentioned. In addition, these statements would be weighted according to their importance and relevance for optimizing the value creating activities in the financial corporations. This questionnaire would be piloted, refined and administered. The data would be recoded to reflect scores and indices using some form of weighting according to their relative importance. The proposed indices would be presented to a range of stakeholders for comments and refinement. Data from the Lehman Brothers on organizational performance both financial and operational would be collected. The data on performance measures would be cross-referenced to data from a number of financial agencies for establishing benchmarks. Also, data collected from a strong/healthy foreign branch/establishment to find out indifferent structural framework, policy if they do carried to way-out to rescue future occurrence. Purpose of Study is qualitative and quantitative falling in both categories exploratory and descriptive study because some issue like intellectual-capital-relationship in financial firms has no available information on how similar problems or research issue had been solved in the past? and also descriptive nature because of quantitative data measurement i.e. financial-business-performance. Type of Investigation this is co-relational study because multiple factors that influence one and other the problem in a chainlike fashion. Therefore it is require identifying crucial factors, which are associated with the problem. Study Setting as described above the study is co-relational therefore study can be done in natural environment where the works precede normally as field study so this is non-contr ived setting. The concern is that our unit of analysis is no more exist and had bankrupt. Unit of analysis refer to the level of aggregation of the data collected during the subsequent data analysis stage. The research main unit of analysis is organization (such as to examine organizational performance as a whole), Secondly the individual (to analyze intellectual capital) and minor the group the division (to cope with cultural and foreign branches/establishment). Time Horizon of our research is can be cross-sectional in determining performance perspectives, and longitudinal in subject of studying people behavior. Conclusion The contribution that this research should make to extract literature to resist, control and limit expansion/ further financial disaster for developed and developing countries in term of maintaining respected economy of their country and way-out to rescue strong foreign branches from catastrophe to limit financial crisis with countrys boundary to prolong and save the allure/benefits of globalization for to maintain confidence of future potential investor and financial corporations. Additionally, this research finding should also assist them in their recruiting of personnel, acquisition of fixed assets and deployment of other resources to ensure that they are competitive and ensure secure ways to do business. This research should also contribute to the extant literature by providing a model for evaluating intellectual capital in the financial industry as well as on the appropriate mix of people, technology and physical assets in the organisation.

Increase Motivation for Reading through Choice

When the headlines report  that  the overall average reading score of 8th students in 2015 declined in comparison to the previous assessment in 2013, there was a chorus of educators who  most likely responded: But...they just dont want to read! The report released by the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is considered a benchmark on the academic progress of an estimated  60 million secondary students  attending private and public middle and high schools in the United States. The most recent statistics on these students indicate that there is a significant drop in reading proficiency levels in grades 7-12. For example, only 34 percent of 8th graders (2015) scored at or above proficient levels on the, the largest nationally representative and continuing assessment. This NAEP data also shows a disturbing trend, with reading scores of eighth graders across demographic groups declining from 2013 to 2015. The report confirms what secondary teachers have been saying anecdotally, that  both high and low achieving students are often unmotivated to read. This lack of motivation has been also explored as a cultural problem in David Denbys New Yorker article, Do Teens Read Seriously Anymore?  and illustrated in an  infographic created by Common Sense Media  (2014) titled  Children, Teens and Reading. Perhaps it is no surprise to researchers that the decline in reading proficiency coincides with a decline with student autonomy or choice in reading materials. That decline in choice is created by an increase in teacher control of reading materials at the higher grade levels.   They  Were Once Readers   In the elementary grades, students are given the opportunity to develop a sense of autonomy in reading choice; they are allowed and encouraged to independently select books to read. There is explicit instruction in making good choices in lessons that explain how to judge a   just right book using questions such as: Are there more than five words on a page you don’t know?Are you confused about what is happening in most of this book? This autonomy contributes to the growth of a reader. According to J.T.  Guthrie, et al, in the research brief Reading Motivation and Reading Comprehension Growth in the Later Elementary Years, (2007)  published in  Contemporary Educational Psychology: Children who valued choosing their own books subsequently developed elaborate strategies for selecting books and reported being more intrinsically motivated readers. By giving their students a choice of reading materials in the early grades, elementary teachers increase academic independence and motivation.   However, in most school systems, a students choice of reading material lessens as he or she moves up to the middle and high school grades. Assessment and Standards are Factors By the time a student moves into the middle grades, the  emphasis is on on discipline specific reading materials, as seen in the recommendation by the English Language Arts (ELA) Common Core State Standards in  Literacy  (Key Design Considerations) . This recommendation has resulted in an increase in the reading percentage of nonfiction or informational texts in all disciplines, not just ELA: By grade 8, reading materials should be 45% literary fiction and 55% informational texts;By the time students graduate, reading materials should be 30% literary fiction and 70% informational texts.   These same education researchers,  Guthrie et al, have also published an e-book (2012)  Motivation, achievement, and Classroom Contexts for Information Book Reading, to  document their pursuit of what motivates students to read and what classroom contexts best promote motivation. They note in their e-book that because schools are seeing an increase in educational accountability at different levels and there are a variety of  reading materials are assigned in all subject areas so that teachers can take formal and frequent evaluations of their students. Much of this reading material used for accountability, however, is dull: Middle school students overwhelmingly describe the information texts they read in science classes as boring, irrelevant, and difficult to understand—hardly a recipe for positive motivation to read this material. The researchers who argue for student autonomy agree that  student interest in reading independently (for fun) diminishes  when teachers overly control reading topics or materials. This is especially true for low achieving students. Researcher  Carol Gordon noted  that for this population of adolescents, student attitude is another factor. She explains: Since low-achievers typically do not read voluntarily outside of school, most of their reading is mandated. These students express anger and defiance, as indicated by survey data. In many cases, low achievers don’t really hate to read—they hate to be told what to read. Paradoxically, low-achieving students are the population that would benefit the most from an increase in voluntary reading. To counter the recent drops in reading proficiency, educators need to stop telling students, high and low-achieving, what to read so that students can develop develop ownership over their reading choices. Choice Motivates Students to Read One of the best ways to move beyond assigning all reading is for teachers to provide time in the academic day for voluntary reading of texts for extended periods of time. There may be objections to the use of already dedicated academic time, but the research indicates that time spent reading in school improves academic performance. This is true even for the light or fun reading of young adult literature.  Gordon explains that the  practice of free voluntary reading is not only conducive to reading motivation, [but] it actually works better than direct instruction. She cites Stephen Krashens work (2004) with 54 students, with 51 of those students who scored higher on reading tests than similar students given traditional skill-based reading instruction. Another compelling  argument for providing time in the school day to reading practice is the comparison  to the practice necessary one needs to do in order to become proficient at a sport; the increased number of practice hours increases performance. Even 10 minutes a day of reading can have dramatic effects by simply exposing students to multiple texts text. Researcher  M.J. Adams (2006)developed a data breakdown that illustrates how ten minutes of daily book reading in middle school will increase a student’s exposure to print by about 700,000 words each year. This exposure surpasses the amount of reading currently done by the same grade level students who are performing at the 70th percentile.   To facilitate student voluntary reading, students need access to reading materials that allow for their choice of reading materials. Independent reading libraries in classrooms can help students generate a sense of agency. Students can discover and share authors, explore topics in the  genres that appeal to them, and improve their reading habits. Create Independent Classroom Libraries   The publisher Scholastic produced a report, Kids Family Reading Report (5th edition, 2014) As a publisher of children and young adult literature, Scholastic has a vested interest in increasing the number of readers across the country. In their research based on student polling, they found that in populations aged 12-17,  78% of frequent readers who read books for fun 5-7 times per week are provided time and choice in contrast to the 24% of the infrequent readers who are not provided time or choice. Scholastic also noted that choice for adolescents requires easy access to a wide range of interesting texts. One of their recommendations was that school districts must begin to put money into texts and   allocate funds for high-interest books. They recommend that independent reading libraries should be developed with student input as the critical resource for increasing reading proficiency. Another proponent for independent reading is   Penny Kittle,  an  English teacher and literacy coach at Kennett High School in North Conway, New Hampshire. She has written  Book Love.  a popular guide to helping secondary students read independently. In this guide,  Kittle offers strategies to help teachers, particularly English Language Arts teachers, to increase the volume of what students read and to deepen student thinking about what they read. She offers advice on how to build up those classroom libraries including  grant writing   or applications to  Donor’s Choose  or  The Book Love Foundation. Asking for multiple copies of texts from book clubs and going to warehouse, garage, and library sales are also great ways to grow the classroom libraries. Developing a good relationship with the school library is also important, and students should be encourages to recommend texts for purchase. Finally, teachers can look for the numerous options available wi th e-texts. Choice: A  Desired Option The research concludes that there are millions of students who do not have the rudimentary reading skills that are needed to locate relevant information or make simple inferences. Without the necessary literacy skills for college or career, students may be retained in school or drop out of high school.   The consequences for underdeveloped literacy to the student and to the economic welfare of the country can mean the collective loss of billions of dollars in wages and earnings over a lifetime. Secondary educators need to guide students to associate reading with enjoyment and a worthwhile activity by offering choice. This association can result in making reading a desired option; to make students want to read. The benefits of allowing and encouraging students to make choices about reading will last beyond   school careers and throughout their lives.