Philosophical Theories Social Justice

Question: Discuss about thePhilosophical Theories for Social Justice. Answer: Introduction: The very existence of social justice is possible only when a common platform of humanity is being shared by people having rights to unbiased treatment, human rights support and distribution of community resources in a reasonable manner (Heller Gaede, 2016). Social justice can be stated as encouraging a just society where diversity is being valued along with posing a challenge to injustice (Frynas Stephens, 2015). Social justice can also only succeed when equal opportunity is being provided to the society. John Rawls Justice as Fairness and David Millers Principles of Social Justice are two of the most important and prominent theories that have come up in the recent years for better understanding of the term, Social Justice. Background of the Social Justice Philosophy: The origin of Social Justice as a distinct concept dates back to the nineteenth century. Jesuit Philosopher, Luigi Taparelli Azeglio was the first person to use the concept of social justice while debating over the Risorgimentos attempts to politically unify the Italian peninsula. French Revolution that took place in 1789 was the backdrop of Taparellis social justice where he questioned the treatment being meted out by the society to its traditional leaders and whether the existence of aristocracy is unjust. He was the one who stated that social justice only works when the people living in the society are able to accept inequality. According to him, justice has the customary inclination to balance accounts. He also added that human are not equal when it comes to quality. His idea of social justice is conservative in nature and based on the defense of socialinequality. John Rawls Theory of Social Justice: The Main Idea: The theory is most generally referred to as Justice as Fairness which evolved in the year 2003. Rawls idea of social justice is giving surety to the citizens or members of the society that they will be provided with the required protection in having equal access to rights, opportunities and liberties. He also added that proper care should be taken of those members of the society who enjoys the least advantage of being a part of the same. Rawls definition of social justice lingers with the thought of social contract, where people are given free access in entering into an agreement where they will need to follow certain regulations for the enhancement of others and not implying the same for their own benefits (Rawls, 2016). In Rawls opinion, rational and free people will play the game of social justice by fair means and in accordance to the rules, where public acceptance of those rules and conditions are necessary for it to continue. According to Rawls, certain given situations depict a different version of judgment from people, where not all will agree on what the requirement of justice should be under such conditions. An important aspect of Rawls social justice theory is that it takes into account the concept of domestic justice where principles get applied to the societys basic structure, and not the local justice which considers principles applied to associations and institutions of the society (Neil, 2013). Rawls theory does not account for global justice, which according to him does not fit into his theory. Principles of Rawls Social Justice Theory: Concept: The Principles of Rawls Social Justice is being outlined on Equal Liberties, Different Principle and Equal opportunity. The justice of fairness is based on two principles: -All the people of the society should have unjustifiable claim to ample schemes of basic equal liberties -Two conditions need satisfaction from economic and social inequalities; firstly, offices and positions related to it should be open to all where equality of opportunity condition prevails; secondly these are to be directed towards the benefit of the least-advantaged people of the society (Hudon Ashta, 2013). Rawls principles indicate that the factor of equality is important in determining social justice. Rawls principles would be better understood if adopted and applied in a four-stage sequence. The first of the four justice principles being adopted is for societys regulation, the second for the convention of the constitution (government processes), the third for legislative purposes (enactment of laws) and the last part for the rules to be applied by the administrators where the same is followed by the society members in conditions requiring justice by fairness. Rawls social justice conception signifies the importance of equality, though every time it not possible to achieve the same in the society. As per Rawls, inequalities can only be accepted when each person of the society has a fair chance in getting hold of positions that directs toward inequality (Klosko, 2015). The fair equality of opportunity is possible only when members of the society get a fair chance in attainting them. Drawbacks: -Some authors criticize Rawls theory for being at par with Utilitarianism where two principles could authorize inequalities in demand and suffering for the beneficial of the least well off. - This theory was evolved to handle societal problems, but has difficulties in handling individual decision making process. - Rawls theory is stated to be not ambition sensitive and endowment sensitive. It does not take into account the natural inequalities of people. Rawls justice as fairness theory can be used in identifying the processes that are constant with social justice. Governments policies can be reviewed using this theory to conclude its consistency or inconsistency part with the social justice theory. David Millers Theory of Principles of Social Justice: The Main Idea: This theory of social justice too was established in the year 2003 by David Miller. According to Miller, (2012), social justice relies on the perspective of given situations. The goal of Millers theory was to determine the principles used by people in judging the just and unjust nature of society. His theory has been created through public opinion polls and studies related to that in accordance to different aspects of justice. As per Miller, social justice arranges the allocation of advantages and disadvantages in society and how it should be distributed within the society. The relevant advantages of social justice is related to property, jobs, medical care, transportation, housing and child care whereas the disadvantages are directed towards hardships and military service involving risk. In Millers opinion, consideration of policies in allocating the advantages and disadvantages should not be judged on the way they benefit everyone personally (Lerner Lerner, 2013). Miller added that justice takes place only when people are treated equally. The basic requirement is for everyone to treat the other person as equal, without being selfish or egoistic. There are a lot of procedures in bringing justice to the society, but that does not take into account the situation where every procedure leading to it will be accepted by one and all. Millers theory relies on the state, as state is being identified as the prime agency competent to bring in the changes. Moreover, only the state can exert force and pressure on people to comply with the requirements of social justice. The theory also states that the institutions complying within the society must also go by the social justice requirements, thus giving birth to social justice culture. Three Elements of Millers Social Justice: Desert, Need and Equality Concept: Millers theory states that desert is a claim where rewards are earned supported by performance and where super recognition should be provided to super performers depending on their performance. Need is another factor that can be defined as a claim that lacks basic necessities. Equality, as per Miller, is the social ideal where citizens are being treated equally by the society along with equal distribution of rights. Miller prioritizes need above the other two, and desert above the equality factor, though he has been open to the fact that at certain times desert can precede the need. According to Miller, inequalities in society are at certain times just which is based on two reasons. Firstly, inequalities related to economy which motivates people to go for more are sometimes being justified. Secondly, inequalities arise from the difference on merit. Meritorious individuals deserve more based on their performance than those who are less meritorious, difference arising from skill, performance and education (King Lawson, 2015). Millers pluralistic social justice theory recognizes any process that is consistent with social justice, which if not is stated as not being consistent with social justice (Bierhoff, Cohen Greenberg, 2013). Millers theory is mainly for a democratic government where members of the society are permitted for full contribution in accordance to institutional arrangements. Conclusion: This paper did take into account the two main theories associated with Social Justice where it can be concluded that in a society, if social justice needs to exist, every member of the society has to be treated equally where no discrepancies should be made among them. Even if inequality arises, every member should be provided with a fair deal towards that inequality factor. No biasness should be involved and members who are identified as the less advantaged people of the society should be taken proper care of, or else the whole idea of society being represented as whole will be demolished. Reference: Bierhoff, H. W., Cohen, R. L., Greenberg, J. (Eds.). (2013).Justice in social relations. Springer Science Business Media. Frynas, J. G., Stephens, S. (2015). Political corporate social responsibility: Reviewing theories and setting new agendas.International Journal of Management Reviews,17(4), 483-509. Heller, M., Gaede, F. (2016). Measuring Altruistic Impact: A Model for Understanding the Social Justice of Open Access.Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly Communication,4, eP2132. Hudon, M., Ashta, A. (2013). Fairness and microcredit interest rates: From Rawlsian principles of justice to the distribution of the bargaining range.Business Ethics: A European Review,22(3), 277-291. King, P., Lawson, S. (2015). Justice and equality: an introduction.Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy,18(1), 1-6. Klosko, G., 2015. Rawls, Weithman, and the stability of liberal democracy.Res Publica,21(3), pp.235-249. Lerner, M. J., Lerner, S. C. (Eds.). (2013).The justice motive in social behavior: Adapting to times of scarcity and change. Springer Science Business Media. Miller, D. (2012). Territorial rights: concept and justification.Political Studies,60(2), 252-268. Neil, M. R. (2013).The Last Citizen A Response to Rawls's Challenge on Impairment: A Third Principle of Justice, and Extra-Rational Contribution(Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver). Rawls, J. (2016). 18. A Theory of Justice.

Halides Ltd Financial Reporting

Questions: Issue 1: When finalising the financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2014 two significant errors were made and there is debate as to whether we should simply adjust the financial statements in the current year or change last years financial statements as well. The IT system of the company was installed 3 years ago at a cost of approximately $3.5 million and was estimated to last 10 years. However the latest technology advancements indicate that this was a very optimistic estimate and that the maximum life span of this equipment will probably be not more than 6 years in total with little or no residual value. It was also discovered in August 2014 that a machine worth $2.2 million purchased in January 2014 was erroneously written off to repairs and maintenance instead of being capitalised. Deberella the marketing director thinks we should just adjust this years figures to account for these problems but Peter indicated that it was slightly more complicated than that. Could you please give us some advice on this? Issue 2: A number of employees who work on our strategic management team have been with us for a number of years - at least 12 of them have been with us since the company commenced operations in 2006. In accordance with the Employee Bargaining Agreement (EBA) all employees are entitled to long service leave of 13 weeks if they remain in service for 10 years. They are also entitled to pro rata long service leave after 6 years of service. Our usual practice is to show the long service leave expense in the income statement when the employee actually takes leave and is paid. Of course we maintain a memorandum record of the number of days each employee is entitled to. Peter has indicated to us that he thinks we should consider treating this expense in a different manner, which seems complicated. The directors are wondering why we should complicate a very simple way of calculating long service leave why not stick with recognising the expense when we pay for it? What do you think we should do and why? Issue 3: Peter, the new financial controller, has also informed the board that the company will need to present a statement of cash flows with the financial statements in addition to those statements already being presented, which really attracted a lot of attention. Some of the directors thought it was a waste of time to present this statement as it was merely a summarised cash book. Others were of the opinion that it could be useful but didnt quite know how they would use it. The structure of the statement of cash flows also came into question with one of the directors suggesting that we merely needed to get a printout of the cash account and attach it. Another said that we couldnt just do that as we needed to show operating, instigating and financing cash flows in the statement. Could you please clarify this matter for us? Answers: Issue 1. AASB 108 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors Many things in the statement of affairs are not measureable with the precision but we can make an estimation, but as a result of uncertainties which are involved in the business activities. The estimation may include the decisions based on the information available. To illustrate, the estimations may be required for: Inventory Obsolescence; Bad debts; financial assets or liabilities and its fair value; The useful life and the consumption of the future economic benefits for the depreciable assets; As usefulness of the reasonable estimates is important portion for the preparations of financial statements. Such estimate will need a revision when the changes will arise in the events in which such estimates had been based or as a result of the new data of the company. According the nature of estimate, it may or may not relate with the prior periods and are also not related to the correction of any error. The ultimate effects of the necessary changes in accounting estimate, and any other type of change to which paragraph applied will be subsequently known by considering the same for computing pl in: (a) Period in which such change has occurred; or (b) The current period of such changes or any period of future, if such change affects both. Advice: In this case, we can say that there must be a change in the accounting estimates and hence, the Depreciation part should be deducted from Profit Loss Account of the relevant current year. As at the time of finalizing the financial statement of 30 JUNE the expected useful life of the IT system is 6 years out of which three Two years elapse. This is third year end of IT system and hence remaining value of 2.8 ( 3.5-3.5/10 *2) should be depreciated over 4 years including this year which is .7 Million (2.8/4). The amount of .7 Million will be debited to Profit Loss account on 30 June 2014 and 2.1 Million (2.8-.7) will be depreciated over next three years. Errors and Omissions The earlier period mistakes and errors must be made a correction from the retrospective period in the first financial statements after they are found out by: Restating the amount of the prior period which shall be shown where the error was caused; or Restating the opening balances of the assets, liabilities and equity for the prior years that are presented, if the error which is caused before the earlier prior periods presented. Hence, by the above statement any error of the prior period must be corrected by the subsequent restatement which can be extended when it was not practical for determining the total effect of error or the specific effects. According to this Accounting Standard, various disclosures are needed in the financial statements. Advice: Thus, from the provided case, the machinery worth $22000000 was debited to expense of the machinery repairs and its maintenance erroneously and it must be rectified or solved during the current period of the prior period. Issue 2. AASB 1028 Employee Benefits Leave for service of long period When the non similarity arose between various laws, government Acts and the other Agreements which determine the entitlement for the long leave service in Australia, the following categories of entitlement are common: (a) An unconditional entitlement to which the payment may arise after some service period (usually 10 or 10+5 years). The combination of the service leave entitlement would be continued from this period, till the leave is actually taken. (b) In many case (for e.g. early retirement, death or the retrenchment), a legal entitlement for the pro rata payment in place of long leave may arise. Whilst many employers may provide the service leave advantage to their staff, however many may participate in the same. The employers have the obligation for making the future cash flows due to the long service leave arrangements. Thus, the obligations of employers towards the industry-based leave for the service would be identified as a liability of the employer. In many cases, after remaining stagnant as per the requirements of paragraphs 4.3 and 4.13, the company would recognise the liabilities for the payments which are expected to be made to the employees. Advice: Hence, in this case Peters contention is correct for treating the expense as different, as the requirement under AASB 1028 is to treat as liability or separate line of item of liability which depends upon as per the scheme of service and then which can be charged and same as revenue as per the discussion made above. Issue 3. AASB 101 Presentations of Financial Statements The Financial Statements comprises of the following: Balance Sheet of current period; A revenue statement; A statement of changes in equity for the period; Cash flows statement; Notes, and summaries showing the use of the policy and standards. AASB 107 Cash Flow Statements Each company who was preparing the financial statement as per described Part 2M.3 of the Corporations Act; financial statements; and Financial report for common use. Advantages of Cash Flow Information The cash flow statement gives the information which enables the user to make an analysis of many changes in the current net assets of the entity, (including the solvency and liquidity) and the ability of entity to have an effect on the amount and the time of occurrence of cash flows by adapting to the changing opportunities situations. The data of the Cash flow is used so that the ability for the assessment of the entity and for the generation of the cash and it gives start to the users to develop the model for assessing and comparing the current value of future cash flows of other entities. The Transactions in Cash may also be bifurcated into 3 activities and it can be shown in the Cash Flow Statement Advice: Thus, in the present case looking to the needs of standards set in the AASB 101 and the other standard AASB 107,which gives the advantages of the preparation of cash flow statement as stated in the above case, it is therefore suggested or advisable to make a cash flow statements which shows day today cash transaction. References AASB, 2011, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors reviewed on 30 January 2015,https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB108_07-04_COMPmay11_07-11.pdfChartered Accountants, 2013, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors reviewed on 30 January 2015, https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Reporting/Australian-accounting-standards/Analysis-of-AASB-standards/AASB-108--Accounting-policies-changes-in-accounting-estimates-and-errors?standard=%7B846095B1-DF0D-4BAD-967E-FFBB46D5F8AE%7DAASB, 2001, Employee Benefits reviewed on 30 January 2015, https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/AASB1028_06-01.pdfAASB, 2011, Presentation of Financial Statements reviewed on 30 January 2015, https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB101_09-07_COMPsep11_07-12.pdf AASB, 2007, Cash Flow Statements reviewed on 21 January 2015, https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB107_07-04_COMPjul07_07-07.pdf Chartered Accountants,N.D., FAQs AASB 119 Reviewed on 30 JANUARY 2015, https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Reporting/Publications-and-tools/FAQs-Reporting/FAQs-on-Analysis-of-AASB-standards/AASB119 Chartered Accountats,N.D.,AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements, Reviewed on 30 January 2015, https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Reporting/Australian-accounting-standards/Analysis-of-AASB-standards/AASB-101--Presentation-of-financial-statements .JEMMA HOLMES,N.D.Disclosure- Presentation of Financial Statement, reviewed 30 January 2015, Available at https://www.johnwiley.com.au/highered/leo8e/content019/images/Ch11_8e.pdf Chartered accountants, n.d., faqs aasb 107, Reviewed on 30 January 2015, https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Reporting/Publications-and-tools/FAQs-Reporting/FAQs-on-Analysis-of-AASB-standards/AASB107COMLAW, 2014,AASB 107- Cash Flow Statement reviewed o 30 January 2015, https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2005B015 41Charterd Accountatnts, Aasb 108 Accounting Policy, Change In Accounting Estimate And Errors Reviewed on 30 January 2015, https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Reporting/Australian-accounting-standards/Analysis-of-AASB-standards/AASB-108--Accounting-policies-changes-in-accounting-estimates-and-errors?standard=%7B846095B1-DF0D-4BAD-967E-FFBB46D5F8AE%7D

Good Essay Writing Sample

Good Essay Writing SampleThe key to quality essay writing is to write a sample of good essay writing, while making sure you don't follow the practice that got you in trouble the first time. An essay sample will help you determine if the mistakes you made the first time, were mistakes for your own sake or the advantage of having others critique your essay. Be careful to avoid common errors that might have been used to get you into trouble.* Needlessly throwing away important facts: If your topic is very important, make sure you list down your research and find out all the details you need before writing. This is so you don't forget crucial details like when and where did you hear about a particular story or the name of the character who seems important to you. And, if you're unsure of a certain fact, make sure you add it to your source material.* Forgetting facts that are vital: Facts are critical for your essay, but not every single fact must be mentioned. This way, if you think a pa rticular fact is not important enough to put down in your essay, remember to put it in your source material instead.* In case you are writing a detailed example, save it as a sample, even if it seems too complicated: if you want to know what the point of your essay should be, then it is important to know how much information you should include. This can be simplified by doing a bit of research before writing your article. It will probably take less effort to include the most vital facts, but that means you'll have to write more. If you've written a sample, save it so you can refer to it whenever you need to work on your essay.* Follow the guidelines you've written to at: There is nothing wrong with writing a sample of good essay writing, but you also need to stick to the guidelines you've been given. Do not edit your source material once you've completed it. Keep it in order, as it is important that your essay resembles your sources and does not look like a copy. Some guidelines may require that you use some font styles or numbers in your source material, but you shouldn't edit your sources once you've done so.* Don't create a sample without a purpose: Do not just look at the sample and save it; make a point to fill the sample with as much information as possible. This will help you make the sample more accurate than you might have ever imagined. For example, you might have included a box with the purpose of the source material, but your sample doesn't include this purpose. By making a point to include this purpose, your essay can include all the things you wanted it to without cutting corners.* Make sure you have no spelling mistakes: Writing requires the use of proper spelling. A sloppy essay can be considered sloppy writing and you will learn the meaning of 'sloppy' and you might find yourself put in hot water.

Amy Cunningham Essay Example

Amy Cunningham Essay Amy Cunningham in her impelling study of â€Å"Why Women Smile† from the Norton Reader, offers us many revealing insights and ideas that she’s made as a woman analyzing the traditional reasons people, women specifically, smile.   In her essay she goes on to discuss historical, and social reasons for smiling and sometimes the consequences that come from what was thought to be meaningless smile.     Ã‚  I shall begin my paper by discussing how Amy Cunningham analyzes the Phenomenon of â€Å"smiling† in general, and when it is particularly related to American culture past and present.   I want to discuss the psychological reasons she focuses on regarding smiling on an individual and on a collective basis.   In the next area of my paper I will dwell on how gender influences smiling amongst men and women. This issue is very imminent in Robert Browning’s â€Å"The Last Duchess† when an Italian Duke becomes so infatuated with his wife’sâ⠂¬â„¢ beautiful smile that he grows extremely jealous when she smiles at others.   The duke in the end has his wife killed in order for her smile to be his and his only. Next, I will discuss the role that cultural conventions play in the practice of smiling.   I will also focus in the Renaissance convention and the Dutch Republic conventions as Amy Cunningham does.   I also want to offer some insight on the conclusions that Jean Baudrillard offers about American â€Å"smiling† in the Regan era of the 1970s.   Finally, I will discuss the important analyses that Cunningham offers about smiling in today’s 2000 post-modern America.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  à ‚                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Cunningham believes that â€Å"smiles are not the small and innocuous things they appear to be: Too many of us smile in lieu of showing what’s really on our minds†.   I believe this to be true, many of us smile as either a polite gesture or some of us use our smile as masks to hide what’s really going on.   We want to hide our true feelings so we smile because we don’t want to get asked what’s wrong; we want everybody to think that everything is alright.   Sometime we smile just because we don’t want to face reality.   We think that smiling will make it better.   Indeed the definition of the word smile means â€Å"to assume a facial expression indicating pleasure, favor, or amusement, but sometimes derision or scorn, characterized by an upturning of the corners of the mouth (Webster).† So we use this smile to camouflage our true feelings. â€Å"Bona fide social smiles occur at two-and-a-half to three months of age, usually a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  few weeks after we first start gazing with interest into the faces of our parents.   By the time we are six months old, we are smiling and laughing regularly in reaction to tickling, feedings, blown raspberries, hugs, and peek-a-boo games.   Even babies who are born blind intuitively known how to react to pleasurable changes with a smile, though their first smiles start later than those of sighted children (Cunningham). This just goes to prove that as children, before we become influenced with what we are taught by society we smile for the simple reasons to show happiness, laughter, love.   It’s once we grow older that we are taught to mask our true feelings, that letting people in on your worries is not ok.   â€Å"Psychologists and psychiatrist have noted that babies also smile and laugh with relief when they realize that something they thought might be dangerous is not dangerous after all† (Cunningham).   This is the exact same reason adults and people of age travel to amusement parks and haunted houses.   The feeling of being in a dangerous situation but not in actual danger is a form of entertainment for some people.   On the other hand as the definition states people smile for other reasons, in derision, scorn, fear, and contempt. We will write a custom essay sample on Amy Cunningham specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Amy Cunningham specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Amy Cunningham specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer â€Å"From the wilds of New Guinea to the sidewalks of New York, smiles are associated  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   with joy, relief, and amusement.   But smiles are by no means limited to the expression of positive emotions: People of many different cultures smile when they are frightened, embarrassed, angry, or miserable.   In Japan, for instance, a smile is often used to hide pain or sorrow: This I think goes for everyone, if someone doesn’t feel like talking about their issues or just want everyone to think things are okay they smile.   Some people smile even though they are feeling upset or unhappy even depressed but they just don’t show it and are able to still keep a smile on their face.   Some think that smiles may be able to change your emotions, that if you smile it makes you’re day a lot brighter and happier.   That smiling offers positive results physically and mentally that smiling makes you live longer.   I don’t think that there has ever been a study to prove any of this information to be true.   It is very difficult to be able to read a persons smile and be able to tell what they are really feeling.   Even though you know a person fairly well such as a loved one you cannot tell immediately how they are feeling unless you have a relationship with that person and you can look deeper behind their smile. We also smile when we are embarrassed, scared, or to ease tension.   For example when you don’t know if you are doing something correctly and there are people watching we often smile to say â€Å"I don’t know what I’m doing and I know you know I don’t know what I’m doing and need some help†.   If someone is scared they will often smile as a defense mechanism, to lighten the load.   â€Å"By declaring ourselves non-threatening, our smiles provide an extremely versatile means of protection†. Women smile more often than men, a smiling women has become and American archetype â€Å" research had demonstrated that since females often mature earlier than males and are less irritable, girls smile more than boys from the very beginning.†Ã‚   People often take a woman’s smile to be nurturing and motherly because women think that is what is to be expected from them.   We tend to lean towards women doctors and physicians because we think that they are more nurturing, the same goes for women teachers and nurses.   It is also this smiling archetype that lead mostly women to sell in advertising campanies.   We tend to believe a smiling woman more than a smiling man when we are unsure about a certain issue.   It is believed that when men smile they are smiling because they are guilty of something they did; they have a mischevious smile leading you to think that they are having mischievous thoughts.   Especially when it comes to selling products most advertising firms will use a beautiful woman’s smile. Sometime a woman’s smile can also get her into trouble.   For example in Robert Browning’s â€Å"My Last Duchess† where the Duke of Ferrara takes on a young lady as his wife and is so intrigued with her smile that he grows insanely jealous every time she smiles at another man.   He warns her that her smile should only be for him but she continues to offer her smile as a thank you for simple favors not even in a sexual way.   Ultimately he ends up killing her because he can no longer stand that she smiles at other men.   This just goes to show that all smiles don’t end up with positive results.   All this woman was doing was smiling to show appreciation for the men’s services and she ends up being killed over it. Oscar Wilde once said that â€Å"a woman’s face is her work of fiction† meaning just because she’s smiling means that’s what she’s feeling inside.   Every man knows that a woman’s smile can definitely be deceiving.   â€Å"American woman’s smile often has less to do with her actual state of happiness then is does with the social pressure to smile no matter what, her baseline social smile isn’t as apt to be a felt expression that engages the eyes like this†. It’s not socially acceptable show your true feelings in public.   If you let someone know your true feelings it is socially unacceptable because we are always supposed to put on the faà §ade that everything is ok.   If you don’t smile there must me something wrong in your marriage, if you don’t smile people will think you have bad children.   If you don’t smile people will think you are poor.   There are many reasons why women s mile to hide their true feelings. Thousands of years ago it was thought that only the commoners and poor people smiled.   Smiling was something that only children and those who didn’t know any better did, it was thought unsightly and very inappropriate The only smile that appropriate was that of the Virgin Mary who’s smile was not that of laughter but of nurturing values.   This smile was directed at young children as if you say. â€Å"Do no wrong because I am always watching†. By the Renaissance era this was one of the first times you saw a woman’s smile depicted as a thing of beauty.   Artist would render the smile of a beautiful woman either in a religious painting or portrait. One of the most famous examples of this is the Leonardo Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa.   This painting has awed the many minds of millions of people.   Some believe it to be a phenomenon how the artist was able to mimic this woman’s beautiful smile on canvas and also how the artist got the woman in the picture to smile.   Some say she was seducing him and some say that this is a sad smile. During the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic the Netherlands started showing more interest in the sciences and the arts.   Dutch artist were starting to be recognized for their painting and sculpting.   The artist who sculpted the women’s faces made the have a lot more depth and more details in the bodies and facial expressions this may have been because by this time women’s smiles were to be considered more socially free. By the mid 1960’s during the civil right movement smiles changed for the African American people.   Cunningham says that â€Å"African American men stopped smiling on the streets in the 1960†s happily aware of the unsettling effect this had on the population.   The whites thought that as long at the blacks were whistling along singing a song and working that everything was alright.   Cunningham says that â€Å"the image of the simpleminded, smiling, white-toothed black man was rejected as blatantly racist, and it gradually retreated in the distance.†Ã‚   Going along with the reason that men smile, some people thought that if black men weren’t smiling they were up to something.   It made them very uncomfortable. Since women have been able to vote they have taken a more feminist approach to smiling.   Women no longer smile to ease the situation, they are not as quick to throw you a smile because they don’t want to seem vulnerable they want to be strong and independent women.   They want us to think that they don’t need men support them in their everyday lives.   Especially woman who have had a hard life or single mothers, they are less likely to smile because they are overwhelmed and consumed with everyday issues like putting food on the table and making everyday ends meet.   â€Å"We see a boom in assertive female comedians who proving that woman can dish out smiles, not just wear them.†(Cunningham)   Woman no longer need men’s approval most women believe they can do everything all by themselves.   â€Å"Actress Demi Moore has stated that she doesn’t like to take smiling roles.   Nike is running ads that show unsmiling women athletes sweating , reaching, and pushing themselves.   These women aren’t overly concerned with issues of rapport; they’re not being â€Å"nice† girls-they’re working out.†(Cunningham)   Women’s smiles today are truly their own, they won’t give it to you unless they want you to have it. In modern advertising adds more than half of the sales campaigns are bases around women’s smiles.   Women have always been portrayed as mostly wholesome, nurturing, homemakers.   We trust them to do no wrong and tell no lies.   This is why most advertisers use women when trying to sell items, especially to other women.   For example food commercials are always featuring female actors because they play the mothers and the wife’s the ones that keep the family together. Cosmetics and household product commercials also feature mostly woman.   It gives advertising firms an edge to use women because they have more of a convincing smile than men.   â€Å"Many longed to be more like her, that perpetually smiling female.   She seemed so beautiful. So content. So whole.†(Cunningham) Some people who are not form America believe that we are a country full emptiness and fake emotion.   As Jean Baudrillard says in his essay America â€Å"Americans may have no identity, but they sure do have nice teeth.†Ã‚   I think this statement is sort of ignorant because America’s smile is part of our identity.   America is not a third world country to most people don’t walk around this a smug look on their faces.   American’s are generally usually happy, so what is wrong with showing your true emotions.   â€Å"They certainly do smile at you here, though neither from courtesy, nor from an effort to charm.   This smile signifies only the need to smile.   It is a bit like a Cheshire cats grin; it continues to float on faces long after all emotions have disappeared.†(Baudrillard) This may be true to some degree we are so used to smiling now a day that they become less genuine.   Most Americans believe it common courtesy to smile, thi s is done mostly to acknowledge the presents of another person.   Most Americans smile because we like it, it makes us feel good.   It’s like a drug, once we do it a couple times and we like it, it gets good reactions and we need to do it.

Basketball Training Essay Example

Basketball Training Essay Example Basketball Training Essay Basketball Training Essay STEP 2 – WARM UP (2 hours, 3 exercises-40 minutes each in 20 minutes gaps) In this, we focus in further exercising our muscles so that there will be no injury. We have do jumping, skipping and hopping. We will do each of it, twice for 20 minutes each. This will help in stamina and jumping will help when shooting in basketball. STEP 3 – PRE EXERCISES (60 minutes) This is the most important exercise. In this, we will have to run. Run at least at speed 6km/hr. for fast runners, this should be increased. This will build your stamina if done continuously. Also, it will build your leg muscles which is very important whilst playing basketball as we need speed to tackle and attack. STEP 4 – THE FIGURE 8 DRILL (30 minutes) Bend your knees and rotate the ball through your knees in a figure 8. You do this by rotating the ball around your right leg with your right hand, passing it to your left hand, then rotating the ball around your left leg. Make sure you can do it both ways, and speed up as you get better. The ball should never touch the ground. Should be done for 30 minutes. STEP 7 SQUATS AND DEAD LIFTS (60 MINUTES, 30 MINUTES EACH) Squats and dead lifts will make many fast twitch muscle fibres in your muscle. This is important for your legs as you will have more potential to jump higher. Jumping high is important in basketball as it gives you the ability to make 3 pointer shots and dunks. This is the most important goal of basketball- to make points. This is an ultimate exercise for jumping high. STEP 8 – SHOOTING AND DRIBBLING (2-3 hours) Start with dribbling the ball around the court for 10 minutes at a time with 2 minutes break which should make 1 hour. This will obviously help your handling skills in basketball and talking skills. Then do 1 hour of shooting. Start from near the basket. Shoot the basket 50 times. Only if you can make 90% of the shot, go a bit further or else shoot 50 shots again and improve your accuracy. This should help you increase your shooting and power skills. STEP 9 – PASS CATCH Take a ball and hit it against the wall and catch it when it comes back. This is good because the return from the wall is unpredictable and will make your reflexes faster. This is a good way to practice catching. For passing, have your friend jog away and towards you. Try to pass the ball to him while he is moving. That will help you in passing. This hould be done for an hour. STEP 10 – RELAX After every work out, it is important to relax your muscles to prevent pulls and sores. Do basic stretching like lunges and hand stretch so that your muscles get a break. Also, stretch your leg by pulling them behind your back. STEP 5 – THE DOUBLE FIGURE 8 DRILL (30 minutes) Now with a partner facing you, do a figure 8, then pass it to your partner, who does a figure 8 and passes it back. You should pass to the same hand, so your right will pass to his right. Switch sides and continue to speed up as you get better. The ball should never touch the ground. Don’t see the ball. STEP 6 ZIG ZAG DRILL (30-60 minutes) Lay out two 10 yard lines with tape. The two lines should be atleast 24 inches apart. Stand on your left foot and hop onto the other line with only your left foot. You should be able to do at leats 10 hops in 10 yards. Take 2 minutes break and repeat with your right leg. This is to increase your lateral hip strength to help you in basketball. Increase space accordingly. ABHAY DALMIA 9B GMIS TIPS TO BE BETTER AT BASKETBALL 1. Use a heavier ball once you are okay with the normal ball to improve your strength. 2. When doing exercises like figure 8 drill, don’t look at your feet. You should be able to do it naturally because in a real game, you will have to observe your surroundings. . Sleep well like 9-10 hours a day so that you are calm and collected when doing exercises. 4. Eat healthier so that your body is well built and strong. STEP 1 – PRE WARM UP (30-60 minutes) First we have to break up any adhesions in the muscles. This can be done by rolling on a high density mat. This will help prevent damage to muscle tissues and will prepare you for physical work. This is very important and will also improve the way you’ll play. S o for 30-60 minutes with 4 minute breaks.

Pragmatics of Computer-Mediated Communication Case Study

Pragmatics of Computer-Mediated Communication - Case Study Example As a partner in the exploratory activities at Nabila, my company has tried to do all it can to ensure that our working relationship is not compromised by this financial problem. However, lack of correspondence and cooperation from your firm has left me with no choice but to communicate to you directly. As the VP of PTI, I am solely responsible for this deal and the subsequent amount spent in installing the gas lift system, and so my job could be on the line here. I request that you take this matter into your stride and address it as professionally as possible because my company views this is grossly unethical and would be forced to take measures in case correspondence is not forthcoming. Please note that we are as willing as ever to continue working with you, but we have to do it on clear terms. Currently, the situation inhibits our cooperation and I believe that we could both benefit from clarity on this issue. Having tried, unsuccessfully, to contact Congoil on the abovementioned issue, I am left with no choice but to ask for your assistance on this matter. Congoil has so far indicated an unwillingness to cooperate with my company through correspondence or payment of the money duly owed to us. I believe that you have a good understanding of how things work in this region. I also believe that you have a good understanding of how communication should be conducted in this region. Kindly find it in you to talk to Congoil through Mr Rugeiro or any other Congoil official on how to resolve this matter. I am counting on you as a friend and a professional in the industry, and someone who could possibly understand how Congoil operates. I also have a strong hunch that maybe we are not using the right channels of communication in trying to find a solution to this mess.   I have heard that the culture here is high-context, polychromic, risk and uncertainty averting, and high power distance.     Ã‚  

The benefits&limitations&ethical implications of a research method in Essay

The benefits&limitationsðical implications of a research method in the context of a particular methodology - Essay Example In participant observation the researcher takes part or becomes involved in the existing activities of the community and document observations. Generally the observer assumes the role being explored (Flick, 2009). However, similar to other research methods, participant observation in the context of ethnography has benefits and limitations. This essay explores these strengths and weaknesses, as well as its ethical implications. Benefits and Limitations Participant observation grants the researcher the opportunity to explore phenomenon from the inside. They are valuable in ethnography when behaviours and thoughts can be identified and appreciated best in their natural situation or when the observer plans to explore social dynamics or cultural trend over a period of time. They generate a wide array of information or knowledge about the responses of individuals and provide researchers the opportunity to build theories from the information gathered (Hume & Mu, 2004). However, the key bene fit of participant observation for ethnography is that it produces an accurate understanding of how individuals perform their daily activities or tasks. It presents truthful knowledge of how individuals view cultural or societal processes, norms, and roles when studied methodically, which implies that the researcher is not only performing an observation but is also examining contexts, situations, or relationships with an assumption of how interaction or communication must be taking place (Kirby, 2000). Hence, participant observation within the context of ethnography is a field that must be known to all corporate or organisational professionals. A perfect example is how Gary DiCamillo, the CEO of Polaroid Corporation, acted when he took on the corporate position in the 1990s (Stacks, 2010, 191). Aside from interviewing the members of the organisation, he checked the different Polaroid sites, visited the control centres and facilities, and participated in dialogues about the company w ith managers and employees. Due to his continuous participant observation, he was able to discover the company’s strong and weak points, and to plan his future actions for Polaroid (Stacks, 2010, 191). In essence, according to Gummesson (1999), participant observation gives the researcher the chance to have a profound, compassionate, and culturally-sensitive knowledge of how individuals perceive the world. It is particularly valuable in the ‘exploratory’ phase of an ethnographic study (Myers, 2008), when researchers have an unclear or indefinite idea of what they are trying to discover or understand and an unclear idea of what they will find out. The major limitation of participant observation within the context of ethnography involves the amount of effort, time, and related costs it requires (Bryman & Bell, 2007). In addition, because participant observation generally requires only one researcher in a particular social situation, it is not easy to find out if ot her researchers would evaluate aspects similarly and it is not easy to determine how generally results may be related to other situations (Symon & Cassell, 1998; Collis & Hussey, 2009). Thus one of the major limitations of participant observation is reliability. In summary, the strengths of participant observation are as follows: the researcher is responsive to new ideas; it can analyse the deepest aspects of social processes or cultural dynamics; it assumes the role or perspective of